2022/05/29 - Colorado - Mount Meeker, Rocky Mountain National Park

Published 2022/12/09 by Tara Vessella, National Park Service - Spencer Logan, Colorado Avalanche Information Center

The snowpack in the couloir had undergone multiple melt-freeze cycles. It consisted of layers of moist or refrozen rounded polycrystals. There was a prominent dusty layer 65 cm below the snow surface. Snow showers in the days prior to the avalanche left a thin layer of recent snow on the surface. Climbers reported a firm snowpack under 2 to 5 cm of soft, recent snow.

On May 25 Climber 1, a 27-year-old male from Albuquerque, New Mexico, Climber 2, a 23-year-old female from Albuquerque, New Mexico, and Climber 3, a 25-year-old male from Wichita Falls, Texas, began making plans to climb the Dreamweaver route on Mount Meeker during Climber 3’s upcoming leave from work. They had not completed a mixed snow and rock climb together and felt Dreamweaver would be an “easy 5th class route.” All three had taken mountaineering and climbing classes and ascended numerous 14,000-foot peaks in Colorado in summer and winter. Climbers 1 and 2 researched the route, weather conditions, and prepared equipment over the following days. Their research included avalanche conditions from the Colorado Avalanche Information Center, current route conditions, and weather forecasts. Climbers 1 and 3 were experienced pilots with training to understand weather forecasts and track weather events.

The three left Albuquerque on May 28. They had one avalanche transceiver, and stopped to purchase a second. At the time, Climber 3 was indifferent about obtaining a third transceiver for himself. They arrived at Longs Peak Trailhead around 8:00 PM on Saturday. They hiked into the Chasm Lake area, arriving about 1:00 AM.

There were intermittent snow showers overnight and the morning began cloudy and windy. There were two other climbing groups in the Chasm Lake area, and the three groups briefly discussed plans. One group had planned to climb Dreamweaver, but abandoned their plan due to wintery weather and fatigue. 

Climbers 1, 2, and 3 discussed alternate plans as they assembled their gear. Climber 3 said “I wanna see” about conditions in Dreamweaver, and they settled on that as their initial goal. All three wore small climbing backpacks, climbing harnesses, crampons, and helmets. Each had an ice axe, and they had a 70 meter rope and climbing rack with ice screws. Climbers 1 and 3 carried personal locator beacons (PLBs). Climbers 1 and 2 carried the avalanche transceivers, turned off, in their backpacks. 

The three climbers left their camp at 7:00 AM. They stopped every 15 to 30 minutes to discuss the route, weather conditions, and how everyone was doing. The weather rapidly cleared around 8:00 AM and the three climbers continued up Dreamweaver.

They were ascending the climber’s left side of the couloir. They heard a loud, thunder-like cracking at about 8:26 AM. The climbers saw a large “RV sized” rock break off high on the buttress to the climber’s right. Park rangers heard the rock fall from the trailhead about 3 miles away. 

The immense rock broke up as it fell over 100 vertical feet into the couloir. The rockfall triggered an avalanche when it hit the snow-filled couloir. Climbers 1 and 3 were just above Climber 2. The three climbers ran across the slope to the climbers' left. They took about four strides before the mass of rock and snow hit them. Climber 2 was wearing a GPS watch, and the highest elevation it recorded was at 8:27 AM. 

Climber 2 recalled remaining in a mostly seated position during the avalanche, seeing numerous rocks going over her head, and feeling intense pressure in both her legs as she moved downhill. Her GPS watch measured a maximum speed of 43 MPH in the 16 seconds from the highest point to the location she was buried. When the avalanche stopped, she was buried to her chin, facing downhill, with her right arm free (partial burial-not critical). Her backpack was buried with the straps pinning her down in the debris, and the climbing rack around her neck was pulling her head downhill.

Climber 1 recalled free falling at least two times during the avalanche, bouncing above the snow, seeing rock pass by him, periods of darkness, and being hit numerous times throughout his body. He came to rest near the eastern side of the toe of the debris, not buried, laying on his back with his feet downhill. His ice ax was still tethered to this harness, and he had all his equipment.

Climber 1 stood up and walked roughly two body lengths to his right where he heard Climber 2 yelling his name. He was bleeding from the face and coughing up blood. Climber 1 began to help Climber 2, but quickly had to lay down due to pain. 

The other two groups in the area saw the avalanche and rushed to help. They cut the backpack straps and climbing rack to free Climber 2. She directed Climber 1 through the steps to activate the SOS on the PLB he carried—he was confused, disoriented, and in pain. He sent the SOS just before 9:00 AM. Once Climber 2 was excavated from the avalanche debris, she and the other climbing groups provided first aid to Climber 1. They searched for Climber 3 in the debris with pickets and ice axes, but none of the groups carried avalanche rescue shovels and probes.

Search and Rescue teams arrived at the avalanche before 12:00 PM. They continued to provide care to Climber 1 and search for Climber 3. A brief weather window allowed a Colorado National Guard Blackhawk helicopter with hoist capabilities to fly Climber 1 out just before a lightning storm around 2:00 PM. 

Rescuers continued to search the avalanche after the electrical storm. They used a RECCO detector and located Climber 3 near the eastern edge of the debris. The avalanche had buried him within several body-lengths of the other two climbers. It took about 35 minutes for rescuers to excavate him, and there were no signs of life. The avalanche buried Climber 3 about three feet deep, pinned with his back against the uphill side of a large boulder. The boulder had not been snow covered prior to the avalanche.

All of the fatal avalanche accidents we investigate are tragic events. We do our best to describe each one to help the people involved, and the community as a whole better understand them. We offer these comments in the hope that they will help people avoid future avalanche accidents.

In most avalanche accidents the person injured by the avalanche, or someone in that person's party, triggers the avalanche. That was not the case in this accident, where rockfall triggered the avalanche. In Colorado over the last 30 years, about eight percent of fatal avalanche accidents involve a natural or spontaneous avalanche.

Rockfall is an objective hazard of mountaineering. Objective hazards are part of the natural environment and exist independent of climbers. Mountaineers can reduce but not eliminate the risk from objective hazards. At some point, the choice is to accept the residual risk or not venture into the environment. Accidents from objective hazards are a matter of being in the wrong place at the wrong time. In this accident, the rockfall was the principal objective hazard and the wet-loose avalanche compounded the severity.

None of the climbers among three groups carried avalanche rescue equipment. Although it is not uncommon for mountaineers to venture into the mountains without avalanche rescue equipment, it does limit their options in the event of an avalanche accident. In this case, the groups’ only option for finding Climber 3 were probing with ice axes in probable burial locations. Given the nature of the rocky debris, it is unlikely that the outcome would have been different if the three climbers were all wearing transmitting avalanche transceivers, but the search time would have been shorter. Technical climbers should consider carrying avalanche rescue equipment. In 2020, icefall buried a climber in the Uncompahgre Gorge in southern Colorado. See this paper for a discussion of a rescue in Banff National Park and avalanche rescue equipment for technical climbing.

Rescuers did not find RECCO reflectors sewn into Climber 3’s equipment. The RECCO detectors can reflect off metal or electronics. Searchers probably detected the reflection from Climber 3’s climbing gear.

Several agencies are assisted Rocky Mountain National Park’s Search and Rescue team with this operation including Colorado Search and Rescue Association, Flight for Life, Rocky Mountain Rescue Group, Front Range Rescue Dogs, Colorado National Guard, and Med Evac.

National Park Service rangers were instrumental in compiling this report.